{"id":90863,"date":"2016-07-06T02:30:50","date_gmt":"2016-07-06T02:30:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/i\/international-pooled-study-on-diet-and-bladder-cancer-the-bladder-cancer-epidemiology-and-nutritional-determinants-blend-study-design-and-baseline-characteristics\/"},"modified":"2016-07-06T02:30:50","modified_gmt":"2016-07-06T02:30:50","slug":"international-pooled-study-on-diet-and-bladder-cancer-the-bladder-cancer-epidemiology-and-nutritional-determinants-blend-study-design-and-baseline-characteristics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/i\/international-pooled-study-on-diet-and-bladder-cancer-the-bladder-cancer-epidemiology-and-nutritional-determinants-blend-study-design-and-baseline-characteristics\/","title":{"rendered":"International pooled study on diet and bladder cancer: the bladder cancer, epidemiology and nutritional determinants (BLEND) study: design and baseline characteristics"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Baseline characteristics<\/h3>\n

In total 67 potentially eligible studies from 156 retrieved articles were identified (Fig. 1<\/a><\/span>). Thirty-eight investigators agreed to participate and 24 [10<\/a><\/span>\u201334<\/a><\/span>] provided data (Table\u00a01<\/a><\/span>). Reasons for non-participation after initially agreement were: no data on diet or the minimum set of confounders available, the workload that was already too high and the wish to publish the results on nutrition first before participating in a pooled study. With some investigators, we lost communication after initial contact. The first datasets and codebooks were collected in March 2009 while the last dataset was included in March 2016. Another two new studies, one case\u2013control and one cohort study are available for inclusion.<\/p>\n

\n \"https:\/\/static-content.springer.com\/image\/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13690-016-0140-1\/MediaObjects\/13690_2016_140_Fig1_HTML.gif\"
Fig. 1<\/span><\/p>\n

Flow diagram of the Bladder cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants study (BLEND)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Table 1<\/span><\/p>\n

Characteristics of the studies included in the pooled analysis of the Bladder cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants study (BLEND)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n

Study<\/p>\n

Country<\/p>\n

Recruitment<\/p>\n

period<\/p>\n

Study design<\/p>\n

Cases<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Controls<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

men<\/p>\n

women<\/p>\n

total<\/p>\n

men<\/p>\n

women<\/p>\n

total<\/p>\n

Case\u2013control studies<\/p>\n

?Los-Angeles bladder cancer Case\u2013control study [10<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

USA<\/p>\n

1987\u20131999<\/p>\n

Population based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

1,307<\/p>\n

353<\/p>\n

1,660<\/p>\n

1,237<\/p>\n

349<\/p>\n

1,586<\/p>\n

?Roswell Park Cancer Institute [11<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

USA<\/p>\n

1982\u20131998<\/p>\n

Hospital-based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

164<\/p>\n

53<\/p>\n

217<\/p>\n

501<\/p>\n

163<\/p>\n

664<\/p>\n

?Belgian Case\u2013control study on bladder cancer [12<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

Belgium<\/p>\n

1999\u20132004<\/p>\n

Population based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

172<\/p>\n

28<\/p>\n

200<\/p>\n

228<\/p>\n

156<\/p>\n

384<\/p>\n

?Aichi Prefecture Case\u2013control study [13<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

Japan<\/p>\n

1996\u20131999<\/p>\n

Hospital-based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

245<\/p>\n

58<\/p>\n

303<\/p>\n

244<\/p>\n

59<\/p>\n

303<\/p>\n

?Kaohsiung [14<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

Taiwan<\/p>\n

1996\u20131997<\/p>\n

Hospital-based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

31<\/p>\n

9<\/p>\n

40<\/p>\n

124<\/p>\n

36<\/p>\n

160<\/p>\n

?Hessen Case\u2013control study on bladder cancer [15<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

Germany<\/p>\n

1989\u20131992<\/p>\n

Hospital-based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

239<\/p>\n

61<\/p>\n

300<\/p>\n

239<\/p>\n

61<\/p>\n

300<\/p>\n

?Stockholm Case\u2013control study [16<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

Sweden<\/p>\n

1985\u20131987<\/p>\n

Population based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

204<\/p>\n

67<\/p>\n

271<\/p>\n

281<\/p>\n

268<\/p>\n

549<\/p>\n

?Roswell Park Memorial Institute Case\u2013control study on bladder cancer [17<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

USA<\/p>\n

1957\u20131965<\/p>\n

Hospital-based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

415<\/p>\n

138<\/p>\n

553<\/p>\n

3,253<\/p>\n

4,636<\/p>\n

7,889<\/p>\n

?Reina Sofia University Hospital [18<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

Spain<\/p>\n

1997<\/p>\n

Hospital-based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

74<\/p>\n

11<\/p>\n

85<\/p>\n

89<\/p>\n

41<\/p>\n

130<\/p>\n

?New Hampshire bladder cancer study [19<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

USA<\/p>\n

1994\u20132001<\/p>\n

Population based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

286<\/p>\n

104<\/p>\n

390<\/p>\n

185<\/p>\n

138<\/p>\n

323<\/p>\n

?Italian Case\u2013control study on bladder cancer [20<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

Italy<\/p>\n

1985\u20131993<\/p>\n

Hospital-based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

617<\/p>\n

110<\/p>\n

727<\/p>\n

766<\/p>\n

298<\/p>\n

1,064<\/p>\n

?Brescia bladder cancer study [21<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

Italy<\/p>\n

1997\u20132000<\/p>\n

Hospital-based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

200<\/p>\n

0<\/p>\n

200<\/p>\n

214<\/p>\n

0<\/p>\n

214<\/p>\n

?Dortmund H\u00f6rde study [22<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

Germany<\/p>\n

2009\u20132010<\/p>\n

Hospital based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

145<\/p>\n

48<\/p>\n

193<\/p>\n

177<\/p>\n

56<\/p>\n

233<\/p>\n

?National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System (NESCC) [23<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

Canada<\/p>\n

1994\u20131997<\/p>\n

Population based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

600<\/p>\n

311<\/p>\n

911<\/p>\n

2,451<\/p>\n

2,423<\/p>\n

4,874<\/p>\n

?French INSERM study [24<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

France<\/p>\n

1984\u20131987<\/p>\n

Hospital-based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

166<\/p>\n

33<\/p>\n

199<\/p>\n

275<\/p>\n

47<\/p>\n

322<\/p>\n

?South and East China Case\u2013control study on bladder and prostate cancer [25<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

China<\/p>\n

2005\u20132008<\/p>\n

Hospital-based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

390<\/p>\n

93<\/p>\n

483<\/p>\n

364<\/p>\n

100<\/p>\n

464<\/p>\n

?Molecular Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer and Prostate Cancer [26<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

USA<\/p>\n

1993\u20131997<\/p>\n

Hospital-based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

149<\/p>\n

45<\/p>\n

194<\/p>\n

243<\/p>\n

58<\/p>\n

301<\/p>\n

?North Carolina case control study [27<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

USA<\/p>\n

1987\u20131991<\/p>\n

Hospital-based case\u2013control<\/p>\n

188<\/p>\n

56<\/p>\n

244<\/p>\n

174<\/p>\n

41<\/p>\n

215<\/p>\n

Cohort studies<\/p>\n

?Swedish Mammography Cohort (SMC) the Cohort of Swedish Men [28<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

Sweden<\/p>\n

1987\u20131990<\/p>\n

Population based cohort<\/p>\n

538<\/p>\n

119<\/p>\n

657<\/p>\n

2,188<\/p>\n

484<\/p>\n

2,672<\/p>\n

?Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer [29<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

The Netherlands<\/p>\n

1986\u20132003<\/p>\n

Population based cohort<\/p>\n

779<\/p>\n

161<\/p>\n

940<\/p>\n

2,273<\/p>\n

2,419<\/p>\n

4,692<\/p>\n

?Women’s Lifestyle and Health Study [30<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

Norway, Sweden<\/p>\n

1991\u20132006<\/p>\n

Population based cohort<\/p>\n

0<\/p>\n

49<\/p>\n

49<\/p>\n

0<\/p>\n

48,942<\/p>\n

48,942<\/p>\n

?RERF atomic bomb survivors Study [31<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

Japan<\/p>\n

1950\u20132000<\/p>\n

Population based cohort<\/p>\n

216<\/p>\n

85<\/p>\n

301<\/p>\n

19,362<\/p>\n

28,249<\/p>\n

47,611<\/p>\n

?VITamins and Lifestyle Study (VITAL) [32<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

USA<\/p>\n

2000\u20132008<\/p>\n

Population based cohort<\/p>\n

338<\/p>\n

106<\/p>\n

444<\/p>\n

36,454<\/p>\n

39,983<\/p>\n

76,437<\/p>\n

?European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) [33<\/a><\/span>, 34<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

Europe<\/p>\n

1993\u20132006<\/p>\n

Population based cohort<\/p>\n

1,227<\/p>\n

525<\/p>\n

1,752<\/p>\n

141,872<\/p>\n

333,279<\/p>\n

475,151<\/p>\n

TOTAL<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

8,657<\/p>\n

2,604<\/p>\n

11,313<\/p>\n

213,227<\/p>\n

462,305<\/p>\n

675,480<\/p>\n<\/figure>\n

More than 2\/3 of the case\u2013control studies [11<\/a><\/span>, 13<\/a><\/span>\u201315<\/a><\/span>, 17<\/a><\/span>, 18<\/a><\/span>, 20<\/a><\/span>\u201322<\/a><\/span>, 24<\/a><\/span>\u201327<\/a><\/span>] had a hospital-based case\u2013control design. Ten studies [12<\/a><\/span>, 16<\/a><\/span>, 19<\/a><\/span>\u201321<\/a><\/span>, 24<\/a><\/span>\u201328<\/a><\/span>] were also part of the International Bladder Cancer Consortium that was formed in 2005 as an open scientific forum for genetic-epidemiologic researchers in the field of UBC. Most of the studies [12<\/a><\/span>, 15<\/a><\/span>, 16<\/a><\/span>, 18<\/a><\/span>, 20<\/a><\/span>\u201322<\/a><\/span>, 24<\/a><\/span>, 28<\/a><\/span>\u201330<\/a><\/span>, 33<\/a><\/span>, 34<\/a><\/span>] were from Europe, eight studies [10<\/a><\/span>, 11<\/a><\/span>, 17<\/a><\/span>, 19<\/a><\/span>, 23<\/a><\/span>, 26<\/a><\/span>, 27<\/a><\/span>, 32<\/a><\/span>] were from the USA and Canada, and four [13<\/a><\/span>, 14<\/a><\/span>, 25<\/a><\/span>, 31<\/a><\/span>] studies were from Asia.<\/p>\n

After excluding participants with unknown age (n<\/em>?=?5), unknown case\u2013control status (n<\/em>?=?214) and unknown smoking status (n<\/em>?=?14,028) data of 686,793 participants were available for analyses of which 11,261 cases and 675,532 non-cases. The Brescia bladder cancer study [21<\/a><\/span>] contained only male participants, while the Women\u2019s Lifestyle and Health study consisted of only female participants. Most of the cases were from America to Europe while only 10\u00a0% were from Asia.<\/p>\n

The cases of the European and Asian case\u2013control studies had the highest male\/female ratio (4:1) while their overall male\/female ratio was 3:1 (Table\u00a02<\/a><\/span>). In general, controls were younger than cases, 57.0 versus 61.6\u00a0years and 51.8 versus 61.1\u00a0years, respectively for case\u2013control studies and cohort studies with an exception for the Asian case\u2013control studies (66.1 versus 64.9\u00a0years). Most of the participants were Caucasian, whereas only 10\u00a0% of the cases were Asian. In contrast with Asia, where one third of the cases were never smoker, only one fifth of the cases never smoked in Europe and USA. Overall, 40\u00a0% of the cases were smokers. Controls had significant less current and more never smokers than cases. For cohort studies, nearly half of the controls never smoked. Staging was not reported in 60 and 70\u00a0% respectively for the case\u2013control and cohort studies.<\/p>\n

Table 2<\/span><\/p>\n

Characteristics of the study population of the Bladder cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants study (BLEND)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Total<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Europe<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

America<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Asia<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Cases<\/p>\n

Controls<\/p>\n

Cases<\/p>\n

Controls<\/p>\n

Cases<\/p>\n

Controls<\/p>\n

Cases<\/p>\n

Controls<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

(()<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

(%)<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

(%)<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

(%)<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

(%)<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

(%)<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

(%)<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

(%)<\/p>\n

Case\u2013control studies<\/p>\n

\n Gender<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

?Male<\/p>\n

5,592<\/p>\n

(77.9)<\/p>\n

11,045<\/p>\n

(55.9)<\/p>\n

1,817<\/p>\n

(83.5)<\/p>\n

2,269<\/p>\n

(71.0)<\/p>\n

3,109<\/p>\n

(74.6)<\/p>\n

8,044<\/p>\n

(50.7)<\/p>\n

666<\/p>\n

(80.6)<\/p>\n

732<\/p>\n

(79.0)<\/p>\n

?Female<\/p>\n

1,578<\/p>\n

(22.1)<\/p>\n

8,930<\/p>\n

(44.1)<\/p>\n

358<\/p>\n

(16.5)<\/p>\n

927<\/p>\n

(29.0)<\/p>\n

1,060<\/p>\n

(25.4)<\/p>\n

7,808<\/p>\n

(49.3)<\/p>\n

160<\/p>\n

(19.4)<\/p>\n

195<\/p>\n

(21.0)<\/p>\n

?
\n Age<\/em> (mean, SD)<\/p>\n

61.6<\/p>\n

(11.4)<\/p>\n

57.0<\/p>\n

(14.4)<\/p>\n

65.4<\/p>\n

(9.7)<\/p>\n

63.3<\/p>\n

(10.9)<\/p>\n

59.0<\/p>\n

(11.1)<\/p>\n

55.3<\/p>\n

(14.5)<\/p>\n

64.9<\/p>\n

(13.1)<\/p>\n

66.1<\/p>\n

(12.2)<\/p>\n

???50<\/p>\n

961<\/p>\n

(13.4)<\/p>\n

5,665<\/p>\n

(28.4)<\/p>\n

135<\/p>\n

(6.2)<\/p>\n

308<\/p>\n

(9.6)<\/p>\n

723<\/p>\n

(17.3)<\/p>\n

5,271<\/p>\n

(33.3)<\/p>\n

103<\/p>\n

(12.5)<\/p>\n

86<\/p>\n

(9.3)<\/p>\n

?50\u2013?59<\/p>\n

1,832<\/p>\n

(25.6)<\/p>\n

4,501<\/p>\n

(22.5)<\/p>\n

407<\/p>\n

(18.7)<\/p>\n

787<\/p>\n

(24.6)<\/p>\n

1,261<\/p>\n

(30.2)<\/p>\n

3,549<\/p>\n

(22.4)<\/p>\n

164<\/p>\n

(19.9)<\/p>\n

165<\/p>\n

(17.8)<\/p>\n

?60\u201364<\/p>\n

1,399<\/p>\n

(19.5)<\/p>\n

2,772<\/p>\n

(13.9)<\/p>\n

381<\/p>\n

(17.5)<\/p>\n

555<\/p>\n

(17.4)<\/p>\n

929<\/p>\n

(22.3)<\/p>\n

2,1<\/p>\n

(13.2)<\/p>\n

89<\/p>\n

(10.8)<\/p>\n

117<\/p>\n

(12.6)<\/p>\n

?65\u201369<\/p>\n

1,122<\/p>\n

(15.6)<\/p>\n

2,842<\/p>\n

(14.2)<\/p>\n

482<\/p>\n

(22.2)<\/p>\n

567<\/p>\n

(17.7)<\/p>\n

522<\/p>\n

(12.5)<\/p>\n

2,138<\/p>\n

(13.5)<\/p>\n

118<\/p>\n

(14.3)<\/p>\n

137<\/p>\n

(14.8)<\/p>\n

????70<\/p>\n

1,856<\/p>\n

(25.9)<\/p>\n

4,195<\/p>\n

(21.0)<\/p>\n

770<\/p>\n

(35.4)<\/p>\n

979<\/p>\n

(30.6)<\/p>\n

734<\/p>\n

(17.6)<\/p>\n

2,794<\/p>\n

(17.6)<\/p>\n

352<\/p>\n

(42.6)<\/p>\n

422<\/p>\n

(45.5)<\/p>\n

\n Ethnic group<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

?Caucasian<\/p>\n

4,438<\/p>\n

(61.9)<\/p>\n

15,057<\/p>\n

(75.4)<\/p>\n

593<\/p>\n

(27.3)<\/p>\n

831<\/p>\n

(26.0)<\/p>\n

3,845<\/p>\n

(92.2)<\/p>\n

14,226<\/p>\n

(89.2)<\/p>\n

782<\/p>\n

(94.7)<\/p>\n

767<\/p>\n

(82.7)<\/p>\n

?Mixed<\/p>\n

9<\/p>\n

(0.1)<\/p>\n

10<\/p>\n

(0.1)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

9<\/p>\n

(0.2)<\/p>\n

10<\/p>\n

(0.1)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

?Asian<\/p>\n

788<\/p>\n

(11.0)<\/p>\n

895<\/p>\n

(4.5)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

6<\/p>\n

(0.1)<\/p>\n

128<\/p>\n

(0.8)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

?Black<\/p>\n

52<\/p>\n

(0.7)<\/p>\n

748<\/p>\n

(3.7)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

52<\/p>\n

(1.2)<\/p>\n

748<\/p>\n

(4.7)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

?Any other ethnic group<\/p>\n

64<\/p>\n

(0.9)<\/p>\n

232<\/p>\n

(1.2)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

21<\/p>\n

(0.5)<\/p>\n

72<\/p>\n

(0.5)<\/p>\n

43<\/p>\n

(5.2)<\/p>\n

160<\/p>\n

(17.3)<\/p>\n

?Unknown<\/p>\n

1,819<\/p>\n

(25.4)<\/p>\n

3,033<\/p>\n

(15.2)<\/p>\n

1,582<\/p>\n

(72.7)<\/p>\n

2,365<\/p>\n

(74.0)<\/p>\n

236<\/p>\n

(5.7)<\/p>\n

668<\/p>\n

(4.2)<\/p>\n

1<\/p>\n

(0.1)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\n Tobacco smoking status<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

?Current smoker<\/p>\n

2,95<\/p>\n

(41.1)<\/p>\n

6,98<\/p>\n

(34.9)<\/p>\n

1,038<\/p>\n

(47.7)<\/p>\n

1,022<\/p>\n

(32.0)<\/p>\n

1,564<\/p>\n

(37.5)<\/p>\n

5,695<\/p>\n

(35.9)<\/p>\n

348<\/p>\n

(42.1)<\/p>\n

263<\/p>\n

(28.4)<\/p>\n

?Former smoker<\/p>\n

2,703<\/p>\n

(37.7)<\/p>\n

5,269<\/p>\n

(26.4)<\/p>\n

747<\/p>\n

(34.3)<\/p>\n

1,025<\/p>\n

(32.1)<\/p>\n

1,731<\/p>\n

(41.5)<\/p>\n

3,943<\/p>\n

(24.9)<\/p>\n

225<\/p>\n

(27.2)<\/p>\n

301<\/p>\n

(32.5)<\/p>\n

?Never smoker<\/p>\n

1,517<\/p>\n

(21.2)<\/p>\n

7,726<\/p>\n

(38.7)<\/p>\n

390<\/p>\n

(17.9)<\/p>\n

1,149<\/p>\n

(36.0)<\/p>\n

874<\/p>\n

(21.0)<\/p>\n

6,214<\/p>\n

(39.2)<\/p>\n

253<\/p>\n

(30.6)<\/p>\n

363<\/p>\n

(39.2)<\/p>\n

\n Staging<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

?Non\u2013invasive<\/p>\n

2,246<\/p>\n

(31.3)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

511<\/p>\n

(23.5)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

1,606<\/p>\n

(38.5)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

129<\/p>\n

(15.6)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

?Invasive<\/p>\n

609<\/p>\n

(8.5)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

73<\/p>\n

(3.4)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

366<\/p>\n

(8.8)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

170<\/p>\n

(20.6)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

?Unknown<\/p>\n

4,315<\/p>\n

(60.2)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

1,591<\/p>\n

(73.1)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

2,197<\/p>\n

(52.7)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

527<\/p>\n

(63.8)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\n Continent<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

?Europe<\/p>\n

2,175<\/p>\n

(30.3)<\/p>\n

3,196<\/p>\n

(16.0)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

?America<\/p>\n

4,169<\/p>\n

(58.1)<\/p>\n

15,852<\/p>\n

(79.4)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

?Asia<\/p>\n

826<\/p>\n

(11.5)<\/p>\n

927<\/p>\n

(4.6)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

Cohort studies<\/p>\n

\n Gender<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

?Male<\/p>\n

2,866<\/p>\n

(69.2)<\/p>\n

205,678<\/p>\n

(31.4)<\/p>\n

2,544<\/p>\n

(74.9)<\/p>\n

146,333<\/p>\n

(27.5)<\/p>\n

338<\/p>\n

(76.1)<\/p>\n

39,983<\/p>\n

(52.3)<\/p>\n

216<\/p>\n

(71.8)<\/p>\n

19,362<\/p>\n

(40.7)<\/p>\n

?Female<\/p>\n

1,277<\/p>\n

(30.8)<\/p>\n

449,827<\/p>\n

(68.6)<\/p>\n

854<\/p>\n

(25.1)<\/p>\n

385,124<\/p>\n

(72.5)<\/p>\n

106<\/p>\n

(23.9)<\/p>\n

36,454<\/p>\n

(47.7)<\/p>\n

85<\/p>\n

(28.2)<\/p>\n

28,249<\/p>\n

(59.3)<\/p>\n

?
\n Age<\/em> (mean, SD)<\/p>\n

61.1<\/p>\n

(8.5)<\/p>\n

51.8<\/p>\n

(10.8)<\/p>\n

60.9<\/p>\n

(7.9)<\/p>\n

50.4<\/p>\n

(10.2)<\/p>\n

66.4<\/p>\n

(6.4)<\/p>\n

61.4<\/p>\n

(7.4)<\/p>\n

55.7<\/p>\n

(12.0)<\/p>\n

52.0<\/p>\n

(13.6)<\/p>\n

???50<\/p>\n

380<\/p>\n

(9.2)<\/p>\n

270,949<\/p>\n

(41.3)<\/p>\n

277<\/p>\n

(8.2)<\/p>\n

249,151<\/p>\n

(46.9)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

103<\/p>\n

(34.2)<\/p>\n

21,798<\/p>\n

(45.8)<\/p>\n

?50\u201359<\/p>\n

1,305<\/p>\n

(31.5)<\/p>\n

232,316<\/p>\n

(35.4)<\/p>\n

1,154<\/p>\n

(34.0)<\/p>\n

184,999<\/p>\n

(34.8)<\/p>\n

69<\/p>\n

(15.5)<\/p>\n

35,193<\/p>\n

(46.0)<\/p>\n

82<\/p>\n

(27.2)<\/p>\n

12,124<\/p>\n

(25.5)<\/p>\n

?60\u201364<\/p>\n

1,114<\/p>\n

(26.9)<\/p>\n

81,842<\/p>\n

(12.5)<\/p>\n

974<\/p>\n

(28.7)<\/p>\n

62,868<\/p>\n

(11.8)<\/p>\n

92<\/p>\n

(20.7)<\/p>\n

13,923<\/p>\n

(18.2)<\/p>\n

48<\/p>\n

(15.9)<\/p>\n

5,051<\/p>\n

(10.6)<\/p>\n

?65\u201369<\/p>\n

757<\/p>\n

(18.3)<\/p>\n

39,082<\/p>\n

(6.0)<\/p>\n

610<\/p>\n

(18.0)<\/p>\n

22,425<\/p>\n

(4.2)<\/p>\n

109<\/p>\n

(24.5)<\/p>\n

12,561<\/p>\n

(16.4)<\/p>\n

38<\/p>\n

(12.6)<\/p>\n

4,096<\/p>\n

(8.6)<\/p>\n

????70<\/p>\n

587<\/p>\n

(14.2)<\/p>\n

31,316<\/p>\n

(4.8)<\/p>\n

383<\/p>\n

(11.3)<\/p>\n

12,014<\/p>\n

(2.3)<\/p>\n

174<\/p>\n

(39.2)<\/p>\n

14,760<\/p>\n

(19.3)<\/p>\n

30<\/p>\n

(10.0)<\/p>\n

4,542<\/p>\n

(9.5)<\/p>\n

\n Ethnic group<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

?Caucasian<\/p>\n

3,815<\/p>\n

(92.1)<\/p>\n

602,416<\/p>\n

(91.9)<\/p>\n

3,398<\/p>\n

(100)<\/p>\n

531,457<\/p>\n

(100)<\/p>\n

417<\/p>\n

(93.9)<\/p>\n

70,959<\/p>\n

(92.8)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

?Asian<\/p>\n

314<\/p>\n

(7.6)<\/p>\n

50,651<\/p>\n

(7.7)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

13<\/p>\n

(2.9)<\/p>\n

3,04<\/p>\n

(4.0)<\/p>\n

301<\/p>\n

(100)<\/p>\n

47,611<\/p>\n

(100)<\/p>\n

?Black<\/p>\n

7<\/p>\n

(0.2)<\/p>\n

969<\/p>\n

(0.1)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

7<\/p>\n

(1.6)<\/p>\n

969<\/p>\n

1.3)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

?Any other ethnic group<\/p>\n

1<\/p>\n

(0.0)<\/p>\n

475<\/p>\n

(0.1)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

1<\/p>\n

(0.2)<\/p>\n

475<\/p>\n

(0.6)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

?Unknown<\/p>\n

6<\/p>\n

(0.1)<\/p>\n

994<\/p>\n

(0.2)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

6<\/p>\n

(1.4)<\/p>\n

994<\/p>\n

(1.3)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\n Tobacco smoking status<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

?Current smoker<\/p>\n

1,677<\/p>\n

(40.5)<\/p>\n

156,467<\/p>\n

(23.9)<\/p>\n

1,418<\/p>\n

(41.7)<\/p>\n

130,871<\/p>\n

(24.6)<\/p>\n

61<\/p>\n

(13.7)<\/p>\n

6,411<\/p>\n

(8.4)<\/p>\n

198<\/p>\n

(65.8)<\/p>\n

19,185<\/p>\n

(40.3)<\/p>\n

?Former smoker<\/p>\n

1,594<\/p>\n

(38.5)<\/p>\n

185,006<\/p>\n

(28.2)<\/p>\n

1,296<\/p>\n

(38.1)<\/p>\n

149,472<\/p>\n

(28.1)<\/p>\n

280<\/p>\n

(63.1)<\/p>\n

33,651<\/p>\n

(44.0)<\/p>\n

18<\/p>\n

(6.0)<\/p>\n

1,883<\/p>\n

(4.0)<\/p>\n

?Never smoker<\/p>\n

872<\/p>\n

(21.0)<\/p>\n

314,032<\/p>\n

(47.9)<\/p>\n

684<\/p>\n

(20.1)<\/p>\n

251,114<\/p>\n

(47.3)<\/p>\n

103<\/p>\n

(23.2)<\/p>\n

36,375<\/p>\n

47.6)<\/p>\n

85<\/p>\n

(28.2)<\/p>\n

26,543<\/p>\n

(55.7)<\/p>\n

\n Staging<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

?Non\u2013invasive<\/p>\n

1,196<\/p>\n

(28.9)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

1,196<\/p>\n

(35.2)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

?Invasive<\/p>\n

661<\/p>\n

(16.0)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

661<\/p>\n

(19.5)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

?Unknown<\/p>\n

2,286<\/p>\n

(55.2)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

1,541<\/p>\n

(45.4)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

444<\/p>\n

(100)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

301<\/p>\n

(100)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\n Continent<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

?Europe<\/p>\n

3,398<\/p>\n

(82.0)<\/p>\n

531,457<\/p>\n

(81.1)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

?America<\/p>\n

444<\/p>\n

(10.7)<\/p>\n

76,437<\/p>\n

(11.7)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

?Asia<\/p>\n

301<\/p>\n

(7.3)<\/p>\n

47,611<\/p>\n

(7.3)<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n

\u2013<\/p>\n<\/figure>\n

Although all of the studies used a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), the number of food items assessed varied widely (Table\u00a03<\/a><\/span>). Two studies [22<\/a><\/span>, 24<\/a><\/span>] only asked three and two specific items (beer, coffee and decaffeinated coffee), while others assessed dietary intake in more detail (from 9 [27<\/a><\/span>] to 788 food items [12<\/a><\/span>]). The mean number of food items per questionnaire was 107 and 132 after exclusion of those studies that reported only on beverages [14<\/a><\/span>, 22<\/a><\/span>, 24<\/a><\/span>]. Most studies with a FFQ of more than 40 items had detailed information on dietary intake of meat, vegetables, fruit and beverages. The use of a validated FFQ questionnaire was reported in eight studies [12<\/a><\/span>, 19<\/a><\/span>, 23<\/a><\/span>, 28<\/a><\/span>\u201330<\/a><\/span>, 32<\/a><\/span>\u201334<\/a><\/span>], while one study checked the reproducibility of its FFQ [20<\/a><\/span>]. Most of the studies assessed portion size, while four studies [12<\/a><\/span>, 28<\/a><\/span>, 29<\/a><\/span>, 33<\/a><\/span>, 34<\/a><\/span>] reported the quantitative intake of food items in grams. Six studies [10<\/a><\/span>, 19<\/a><\/span>, 28<\/a><\/span>, 30<\/a><\/span>, 32<\/a><\/span>\u201334<\/a><\/span>] also provided data on nutrients.<\/p>\n

Table 3<\/span><\/p>\n

Number of food items and portion size reported by each study within the Bladder cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants study (BLEND)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption>

\n a<\/sup>Dietary intake was assessed by a number of different instruments in the participating countries and the number of different food items varied from 88 (Norway) to 2443 (Sweden)<\/p>\n<\/figure>\n

The consumption of beverages was reported in all the eighteen case\u2013control studies. Five case\u2013control studies [12<\/a><\/span>, 13<\/a><\/span>, 16<\/a><\/span>, 19<\/a><\/span>, 26<\/a><\/span>] had detailed information for each of the larger food categories of the Eurocode 2 Food Coding System, while three studies [11<\/a><\/span>, 23<\/a><\/span>, 25<\/a><\/span>] missed only data on sugar and\/or fat (Table\u00a04<\/a><\/span>). Fat, grains, nuts and sugar were also missing in another four studies [10<\/a><\/span>, 15<\/a><\/span>, 17<\/a><\/span>, 20<\/a><\/span>]. The six cohort studies [28<\/a><\/span>\u201334<\/a><\/span>] had detailed information in each food categories with the exception of the RERF atomic bomb survivors study [31<\/a><\/span>] which had no data on sugar intake.<\/p>\n

Table 4<\/span><\/p>\n

Numbers of cases and controls available for each food category included in the Bladder cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants study (BLEND)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

All Countries<\/p>\n

Europe<\/p>\n

America<\/p>\n

Asia<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Men<\/p>\n

Women<\/p>\n

Men<\/p>\n

Women<\/p>\n

Men<\/p>\n

Women<\/p>\n

Men<\/p>\n

Women<\/p>\n

Food category (number of studies)<\/p>\n

Ca<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Co<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Ca<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Co<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Ca<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Co<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Ca<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Co<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Ca<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Co<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Ca<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Co<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Ca<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Co<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Ca<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Co<\/p>\n

\n N<\/em>\n <\/p>\n

Case\u2013control studies<\/p>\n

Milk and milk products (13) [10<\/a><\/span>\u201317<\/a><\/span>, 19<\/a><\/span>, 20<\/a><\/span>, 23<\/a><\/span>, 25<\/a><\/span>, 26<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

4,734<\/p>\n

9,251<\/p>\n

1,388<\/p>\n

7,442<\/p>\n

1,231<\/p>\n

1,514<\/p>\n

266<\/p>\n

783<\/p>\n

2,838<\/p>\n

7,005<\/p>\n

962<\/p>\n

6,464<\/p>\n

665<\/p>\n

732<\/p>\n

160<\/p>\n

195<\/p>\n

Eggs and eggs products (11) [10<\/a><\/span>\u201313<\/a><\/span>, 15<\/a><\/span>, 16<\/a><\/span>, 19<\/a><\/span>, 20<\/a><\/span>, 23<\/a><\/span>, 25<\/a><\/span>, 26<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

4,299<\/p>\n

6,531<\/p>\n

1,255<\/p>\n

3,974<\/p>\n

1,230<\/p>\n

1,512<\/p>\n

265<\/p>\n

781<\/p>\n

2,436<\/p>\n

4,141<\/p>\n

839<\/p>\n

3,034<\/p>\n

633<\/p>\n

605<\/p>\n

151<\/p>\n

159<\/p>\n

Meat and meat products (12) [10<\/a><\/span>\u201313<\/a><\/span>, 15<\/a><\/span>\u201317<\/a><\/span>, 19<\/a><\/span>, 20<\/a><\/span>, 23<\/a><\/span>, 25<\/a><\/span>, 26<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

4,699<\/p>\n

9235<\/p>\n

1,377<\/p>\n

7,716<\/p>\n

1,231<\/p>\n

1,513<\/p>\n

265<\/p>\n

783<\/p>\n

2,833<\/p>\n

7,114<\/p>\n

961<\/p>\n

6,774<\/p>\n

635<\/p>\n

608<\/p>\n

151<\/p>\n

159<\/p>\n

Fish and fish products (11) [11<\/a><\/span>\u201313<\/a><\/span>, 15<\/a><\/span>\u201317<\/a><\/span>, 19<\/a><\/span>, 20<\/a><\/span>, 23<\/a><\/span>, 25<\/a><\/span>, 26<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

3,197<\/p>\n

7,391<\/p>\n

960<\/p>\n

7,144<\/p>\n

1,229<\/p>\n

1,511<\/p>\n

265<\/p>\n

781<\/p>\n

1,335<\/p>\n

5,275<\/p>\n

544<\/p>\n

6,204<\/p>\n

633<\/p>\n

605<\/p>\n

151<\/p>\n

159<\/p>\n

Fats and oils (7) [10<\/a><\/span>\u201313<\/a><\/span>, 16<\/a><\/span>, 19<\/a><\/span>, 26<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

2,299<\/p>\n

2,292<\/p>\n

634<\/p>\n

984<\/p>\n

371<\/p>\n

500<\/p>\n

94<\/p>\n

419<\/p>\n

1,689<\/p>\n

1,559<\/p>\n

484<\/p>\n

506<\/p>\n

239<\/p>\n

233<\/p>\n

56<\/p>\n

59<\/p>\n

Grain and grain products (11) [10<\/a><\/span>\u201313<\/a><\/span>, 16<\/a><\/span>, 17<\/a><\/span>, 19<\/a><\/span>, 21<\/a><\/span>, 23<\/a><\/span>, 25<\/a><\/span>, 26<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

4,050<\/p>\n

8,481<\/p>\n

1,209<\/p>\n

7,404<\/p>\n

574<\/p>\n

721<\/p>\n

94<\/p>\n

424<\/p>\n

2,841<\/p>\n

7,153<\/p>\n

964<\/p>\n

6,821<\/p>\n

635<\/p>\n

607<\/p>\n

151<\/p>\n

159<\/p>\n

Pulses, seeds and nut products (8) [11<\/a><\/span>\u201313<\/a><\/span>, 16<\/a><\/span>, 19<\/a><\/span>, 23<\/a><\/span>, 25<\/a><\/span>, 26<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

2,108<\/p>\n

4,255<\/p>\n

715<\/p>\n

3,270<\/p>\n

371<\/p>\n

499<\/p>\n

94<\/p>\n

421<\/p>\n

1,106<\/p>\n

3,151<\/p>\n

470<\/p>\n

2,690<\/p>\n

631<\/p>\n

605<\/p>\n

151<\/p>\n

159<\/p>\n

Vegetables (13) [10<\/a><\/span>\u201313<\/a><\/span>, 15<\/a><\/span>\u201317<\/a><\/span>, 19<\/a><\/span>\u201321<\/a><\/span>, 23<\/a><\/span>, 25<\/a><\/span>, 26<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

4,942<\/p>\n

10,086<\/p>\n

1,403<\/p>\n

8,648<\/p>\n

1,429<\/p>\n

1,727<\/p>\n

265<\/p>\n

783<\/p>\n

2,881<\/p>\n

7,754<\/p>\n

987<\/p>\n

7,706<\/p>\n

632<\/p>\n

605<\/p>\n

151<\/p>\n

159<\/p>\n

Fruit and fruit products (13) [10<\/a><\/span>\u201313<\/a><\/span>, 15<\/a><\/span>\u201317<\/a><\/span>, 19<\/a><\/span>\u201321<\/a><\/span>, 23<\/a><\/span>, 25<\/a><\/span>, 26<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

4,860<\/p>\n

9,307<\/p>\n

1,376<\/p>\n

7,615<\/p>\n

1,414<\/p>\n

1,713<\/p>\n

265<\/p>\n

781<\/p>\n

2,814<\/p>\n

6,989<\/p>\n

960<\/p>\n

6,675<\/p>\n

632<\/p>\n

605<\/p>\n

151<\/p>\n

159<\/p>\n

Sugar products (7) [12<\/a><\/span>, 13<\/a><\/span>, 16<\/a><\/span>, 18<\/a><\/span>, 19<\/a><\/span>, 23<\/a><\/span>, 26<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

1,613<\/p>\n

3,438<\/p>\n

582<\/p>\n

3,020<\/p>\n

446<\/p>\n

591<\/p>\n

105<\/p>\n

463<\/p>\n

935<\/p>\n

2,615<\/p>\n

421<\/p>\n

2,499<\/p>\n

232<\/p>\n

232<\/p>\n

56<\/p>\n

58<\/p>\n

Beverages (18) [10<\/a><\/span>\u201327<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

5,509<\/p>\n

10193<\/p>\n

1,538<\/p>\n

7,640<\/p>\n

1,814<\/p>\n

2,269<\/p>\n

357<\/p>\n

926<\/p>\n

3,030<\/p>\n

7,192<\/p>\n

1,021<\/p>\n

6,519<\/p>\n

665<\/p>\n

732<\/p>\n

160<\/p>\n

195<\/p>\n

Cohort studies<\/p>\n

Milk and milk products (6) [28<\/a><\/span>\u201334<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

2,615<\/p>\n

184,424<\/p>\n

1,159<\/p>\n

422,716<\/p>\n

2,495<\/p>\n

146,183<\/p>\n

835<\/p>\n

384,864<\/p>\n

86<\/p>\n

35,753<\/p>\n

314<\/p>\n

33,742<\/p>\n

34<\/p>\n

2,488<\/p>\n

10<\/p>\n

4,110<\/p>\n

Eggs and eggs products (6) [28<\/a><\/span>\u201334<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

2,585<\/p>\n

184,284<\/p>\n

1,147<\/p>\n

421,392<\/p>\n

2,465<\/p>\n

146,039<\/p>\n

823<\/p>\n

383,535<\/p>\n

86<\/p>\n

35,753<\/p>\n

314<\/p>\n

33,742<\/p>\n

34<\/p>\n

2,492<\/p>\n

10<\/p>\n

4,115<\/p>\n

Meat and meat products (6) [28<\/a><\/span>\u201334<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

2,614<\/p>\n

184,420<\/p>\n

1,156<\/p>\n

422,122<\/p>\n

2,494<\/p>\n

146,171<\/p>\n

832<\/p>\n

384,262<\/p>\n

86<\/p>\n

35,753<\/p>\n

314<\/p>\n

33,742<\/p>\n

34<\/p>\n

2,496<\/p>\n

10<\/p>\n

4,118<\/p>\n

Fish and fish products (6) [28<\/a><\/span>\u201334<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

2,613<\/p>\n

184,406<\/p>\n

1,157<\/p>\n

421,976<\/p>\n

2,493<\/p>\n

146,157<\/p>\n

833<\/p>\n

384,116<\/p>\n

86<\/p>\n

35,753<\/p>\n

314<\/p>\n

33,742<\/p>\n

34<\/p>\n

2,496<\/p>\n

10<\/p>\n

4,118<\/p>\n

Fats and oils (6) [28<\/a><\/span>\u201334<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

2,527<\/p>\n

181,544<\/p>\n

1,130<\/p>\n

421,335<\/p>\n

2,420<\/p>\n

146,029<\/p>\n

810<\/p>\n

384,710<\/p>\n

86<\/p>\n

35,753<\/p>\n

314<\/p>\n

33,742<\/p>\n

21<\/p>\n

1,762<\/p>\n

6<\/p>\n

2,883<\/p>\n

Grain and grain products (6) [28<\/a><\/span>\u201334<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

2,618<\/p>\n

184,446<\/p>\n

1,158<\/p>\n

422,738<\/p>\n

2,498<\/p>\n

146,194<\/p>\n

834<\/p>\n

384,876<\/p>\n

86<\/p>\n

35,753<\/p>\n

314<\/p>\n

33,742<\/p>\n

34<\/p>\n

24,99<\/p>\n

10<\/p>\n

4,120<\/p>\n

Pulses, seeds and nut products (6) [28<\/a><\/span>\u201334<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

2,563<\/p>\n

184,228<\/p>\n

1,143<\/p>\n

420,368<\/p>\n

2,443<\/p>\n

145,984<\/p>\n

819<\/p>\n

382,512<\/p>\n

86<\/p>\n

35,753<\/p>\n

314<\/p>\n

33,742<\/p>\n

34<\/p>\n

2,491<\/p>\n

10<\/p>\n

4,114<\/p>\n

Vegetables (6) [28<\/a><\/span>\u201334<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

2,616<\/p>\n

184,432<\/p>\n

1,157<\/p>\n

422,236<\/p>\n

2,496<\/p>\n

146,184<\/p>\n

833<\/p>\n

384,376<\/p>\n

86<\/p>\n

35,753<\/p>\n

314<\/p>\n

33,742<\/p>\n

34<\/p>\n

2495<\/p>\n

10<\/p>\n

4118<\/p>\n

Fruit and fruit products (6) [28<\/a><\/span>\u201334<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

2,607<\/p>\n

184,416<\/p>\n

1,155<\/p>\n

421,526<\/p>\n

2,487<\/p>\n

146,170<\/p>\n

831<\/p>\n

383,666<\/p>\n

86<\/p>\n

35,753<\/p>\n

314<\/p>\n

33,742<\/p>\n

34<\/p>\n

2493<\/p>\n

10<\/p>\n

4118<\/p>\n

Sugar products (5) [28<\/a><\/span>\u201330<\/a><\/span>, 32<\/a><\/span>\u201334<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

2,556<\/p>\n

181,860<\/p>\n

1,143<\/p>\n

417,615<\/p>\n

2,470<\/p>\n

146,107<\/p>\n

829<\/p>\n

383,873<\/p>\n

86<\/p>\n

35,753<\/p>\n

314<\/p>\n

33,742<\/p>\n

0<\/p>\n

0<\/p>\n

0<\/p>\n

0<\/p>\n

Beverages (6) [28<\/a><\/span>\u201334<\/a><\/span>]<\/p>\n

2,630<\/p>\n

187,445<\/p>\n

1,172<\/p>\n

424,778<\/p>\n

2,497<\/p>\n

146,190<\/p>\n

835<\/p>\n

384,868<\/p>\n

99<\/p>\n

38,760<\/p>\n

327<\/p>\n

35,793<\/p>\n

34<\/p>\n

2495<\/p>\n

10<\/p>\n

4117<\/p>\n

\n Abbreviations<\/em>: Ca<\/em> cases, Co<\/em> controls, N<\/em> number<\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Baseline characteristics In total 67 potentially eligible studies from 156 retrieved articles were identified (Fig. 1). Thirty-eight investigators agreed to participate and 24 [10\u201334] provided data (Table\u00a01). Reasons for non-participation after initially agreement were: no data on diet or the minimum set of confounders available, the workload that was already too high and the wish Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-90863","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90863","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=90863"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90863\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=90863"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=90863"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=90863"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}