HMN 2025: How AI-supported cervical cancer screening is tested

AI can be used to detect cervical cancer in women in resource-limited parts of the world. However, for this method to work, investments are needed in health care staff, reliable supply chains and trust in these communities. This has been shown in a new study from Uppsala University, Karolinska Institutet and the University of Helsinki, where researchers tested an AI-supported diagnostic method at rural hospitals in Kenya and Tanzania.

Cervical cancer recently surpassed maternal mortality as one of the leading causes of death among women globally. However, only one third of the world’s women have undergone cervical cancer screening.

In the new study published in BMJ, researchers at Uppsala University, Karolinska Institutet and the University of Helsinki tested whether it was possible to use an AI-supported method to screen women for cervical cancer in Kenya and Tanzania.

“In our study, we showed how AI can be used to detect cervical cancer in areas where there is otherwise limited access to pathologists and laboratories. Using digital tools, samples can be analyzed faster and with fewer experts involved, meaning that more women can get access to screening. But for the AI to really work, it takes more than just the technology—it needs investments in staff, equipment and trust in the health care system,” says Nina Linder, the study’s lead author.

The study included a total of 3,000 women who would otherwise not have been offered screening for cervical cancer. They visited rural hospitals where cervical cell samples and human papilloma virus (HPV) samples were taken on site, digitized, and analyzed using AI. The samples were also examined by pathologists.

The researchers trained local nurses, laboratory staff and pathologists to use the system and collaborated with the health care authorities to integrate this method into routine health care. The women who had signs of cervical cancer subsequently received treatment in accordance with the national guidelines.

AI required consistency in the images

One of the biggest challenges with using AI was that the images it was given to analyze were not always sufficiently consistent. To make cells visible in the samples under a microscope, the cells are stained. Staining reagents and thus cell color could differ between countries and deliveries, which meant that the images that the AI was asked to analyze were not always consistent enough.

“The AI method worked well technically, but unreliability in the supply of reagents, variations in reagent quality and power outages all affected accuracy as well as the capacity to perform these tests rapidly, including HPV analyses,” says Linder.

Another difficulty was finding the women who had shown signs of cancer and needed follow-up care.

“In Tanzania, we had quite a few problems with follow-up. Some women did not come back, and when we later checked their samples, it turned out that they had changes that needed treatment. Sometimes it is difficult for local doctors to find the patients and get them to understand that they need treatment. We followed up as best we could and tried to give all women the opportunity for further investigations,” says Linder.

Can increase trust in the health care system

Although the study describes both opportunities and challenges with the AI method, the researchers see it as a first step in evaluating AI-supported diagnostics in more comprehensive health care programs and for more women’s diseases.

“For decades, diagnostic methods that are proven to be effective for women’s health—such as cell-sample based cervical cancer screening—have been dependent on highly trained experts. With the latest advances in medical AI, we can now re-evaluate these methods and introduce them even in resource-limited settings, making life-saving diagnostics far more accessible,” says Johan Lundin, professor at Karolinska Institutet and one of the co-authors of the study.

Another valuable contribution is that it raises awareness locally of why screening is important.

“When women see that there is reliable health care to go to and that they do get help, it lowers the threshold to seek care, which strengthens health as well as social engagement,” says Linder.

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