After a spinal cord injury, cells in the brain and spinal cord change to cope with stress and repair tissue. A new study from Karolinska Institutet, published in Nature Neuroscience, shows that this response is controlled by specific DNA sequences. This knowledge could help develop more targeted treatments.
Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have now mapped thousands of so-called enhancers; small DNA sequences that act like “switches” for genes, turning them on or boosting their activity.
By analyzing individual cell nuclei from mice with spinal cord injuries using AI models, the researchers discovered that these genetic switches are activated after injury and instruct specific cell types to respond. The main cells affected were glial cells such as astrocytes and ependymal cells—support cells that help protect and repair the nervous system.
New opportunities for precision treatments
“We have shown how cells read these instructions through a code that tells them how to react to injury. This code combines signals from general stress factors with the cell’s own identity,” explains Enric Llorens-Bobadilla, researcher at the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology at Karolinska Institutet.
“This opens up the possibility of using the code to target treatments specifically to the cells affected by the injury,” says Margherita Zamboni, researcher at the same department and first author of the study.
More information
Margherita Zamboni et al, The regulatory code of injury-responsive enhancers enables precision cell-state targeting in the CNS, Nature Neuroscience (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41593-025-02131-w
Journal information:
Nature Neuroscience
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