{"id":5399,"date":"2024-10-16T20:31:30","date_gmt":"2024-12-10T03:28:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/review\/?p=5399"},"modified":"2024-12-10T03:28:20","modified_gmt":"2024-12-10T03:28:20","slug":"zonisamide-for-dogs-dosage-and-safety","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/review\/zonisamide-for-dogs-dosage-and-safety\/","title":{"rendered":"Zonisamide for dogs: Dosage and safety"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<div id=\"main-content\">\n<div id=\"post-intro\">\n<div id=\"takeaways\">\n<h2>Key takeaways<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zonisamide is used to treat seizures in dogs.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The standard zonisamide dosage for dogs is 5 mg\/kg given by mouth twice daily or 10 mg\/kg twice daily when used with phenobarbital.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most common side effects of zonisamide in dogs are loss of coordination, lethargy, drowsiness, loss of appetite, and vomiting.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not give zonisamide to dogs who are allergic to zonisamide or sulfa drugs. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pet parents should be aware that zonisamide could cause heart defects in unborn puppies when given to a pregnant dog.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section class=\"table-of-contents\">\n<div class=\"anchorLinks\">\n<div class=\"mobile-only\">\n<div class=\"dropdownLists\">\n<div class=\"dropdownBtn\"><span class=\"listsIcon\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/singlecare\/images\/union.svg\" width=\"14\" height=\"20\"\/><\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label>In this article<\/label><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"downArrow\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/singlecare\/images\/dropDownArrow.svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\"\/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zonisamide<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is an <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">antiseizure drug<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> also known as <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zonegran<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the brand-name version of the drug. Veterinarians usually use it as an add-on drug when other anticonvulsants aren\u2019t succeeding, but they may also prescribe it as their first choice. It\u2019s a safe drug for daily use. Side effects are generally mild, but there are rare reports of dogs having serious liver problems when on this drug.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"what-is-zonisamide-used-for-in-dogs\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is zonisamide used for in dogs?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zonisamide<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a daily maintenance treatment for dogs with seizure disorders. It helps reduce the incidence of seizures. Veterinarians can prescribe it as an initial standalone treatment, but they are likely to use it as an add-on drug when other drug therapies are not adequately controlling seizures.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"seizure-disorders\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seizure disorders<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seizures are the result of simultaneous overexcitement and overactivity of nerves in the brain. These are often short-lived episodes with symptoms ranging from \u201cblanking out\u201d to convulsions. When seizures happen in a dog more than once in a six-month period, veterinarians diagnose the dog with epilepsy, a condition that affects about <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.akcchf.org\/canine-health\/top-health-concerns\/epilepsy\/understanding-canine-epilepsy.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0.75%<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of dogs in the U.S.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinarians use two types of drugs called anticonvulsants to treat epileptic dogs. Some drugs are used to stop active seizures. They are used only when a dog is seizing. Maintenance drugs are taken daily when the dog is not seizing. They help to reduce the incidence of seizures. Maintenance drugs are usually used only after a dog has been diagnosed with epilepsy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One-time-only seizures usually don\u2019t warrant maintenance treatment unless the dog has had a severe or long-lasting seizure or has taken a long time to recover. If seizures are spaced farther than six months apart, the veterinarian may start maintenance treatment if seizures are becoming longer, more severe, or require longer recovery periods. Having more than one seizure in a day\u2014called a cluster seizure\u2014is also a reason to start maintenance treatment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinarians usually begin maintenance treatment with only one anticonvulsant. The goal is to reduce the incidence of seizures and spare the dog too many side effects from multiple drugs. Using just one drug to treat a medical condition is called \u201cmonotherapy.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As first-line seizure control monotherapies, vets most commonly start with either <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">phenobarbital<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">potassium bromide<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but zonisamide and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">levetiracetam<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can also be used. Zonisamide is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dvm360.com\/view\/what-s-new-what-s-tried-and-true-update-small-animal-seizure-management\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">more effective with some types of seizures than others<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, so the type of seizure disorder will determine if zonisamide monotherapy is appropriate. However, veterinarians will also consider seizure frequency and severity when choosing the most appropriate monotherapy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinarians would prefer to treat seizures with just one drug. It\u2019s easier on the dog. If one drug is not enough to control seizures, a veterinarian will add a second anticonvulsant. Adding drugs to a primary drug treatment is called adjunctive drug therapy. The list of possible adjunct anticonvulsants is long, but zonisamide is a preferred add-on treatment.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All antiseizure medications work by slowing nerve signals and making the nervous system less excitable. Zonisamide works slightly differently. While it can make dogs tired or slow-moving, the drug primarily stabilizes nerve activity. Scientists aren\u2019t sure of its exact mechanism of action. They believe zonisamide reduces the electrical conductivity of nerves by decreasing the movement of electrolytes into the nerve. Electrolytes like sodium and calcium are responsible for the electrical firing of nerves. By doing this, zonisamide prevents large clusters of nerve cells from firing at the same time, which is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC3591697\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">what a seizure is<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zonisamide <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3164d438-90bf-420a-9a56-5498b987f91c\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lasts a long time in people<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, so once-daily doses are enough. Its half-life is much shorter in dogs, so they need two doses each day for the medicine to work.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"is-zonisamide-safe-for-dogs\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is zonisamide safe for dogs?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When used as directed for seizure control, zonisamide therapy is safe for dogs. Based on veterinarians\u2019 clinical experience, side effects are minimal. Unfortunately, side effects and other problems have not really been studied in veterinary medicine. A veterinarian can tell pet parents about reported side effects but may need to discuss possible side effects based on human studies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinarians never use zonisamide in dogs who:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have had an allergic reaction to zonisamide<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have a known allergy to <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sulfonamide drugs<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zonisamide can cause heart defects in unborn puppies. Pet parents should be aware of this risk before starting a pregnant dog on zonisamide.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinarians use zonisamide cautiously in dogs with liver (hepatic) problems.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"side-effects-of-zonisamide-in-dogs\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Side effects of zonisamide in dogs<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most commonly reported side effects of zonisamide in dogs are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sleepiness<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vomiting<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inappetence<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Listlessness<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poor coordination (ataxia)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most serious side effect reported in at least <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/veterinarypartner.vin.com\/default.aspx?pid=19239&amp;id=8001494\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">two case reports<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has been liver damage. Call the veterinarian if you notice signs of liver damage (hepatopathies) including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Complete loss of appetite<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yellowing of the eyes or gums<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dark or smelly urine<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decreased energy<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although not reported, zonisamide could theoretically cause other adverse reactions such as high acid levels in the blood or electrolyte abnormalities. Talk to the veterinarian about any possible signs to watch for.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zonisamide could reduce thyroid function.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"interactions-of-zonisamide-with-other-pet-meds\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Interactions of zonisamide with other pet meds<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before giving a dog zonisamide, pet owners should tell the prescribing veterinary professional about all the drugs, remedies, and supplements being given to the dog.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zonisamide\u2019s most serious drug interaction is with <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">phenobarbital<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Both drugs are frequently prescribed together as epilepsy maintenance treatments. Phenobarbital speeds up the metabolism of zonisamide, making it less effective. When the two drugs are combined, veterinarians will often double the dose of zonisamide to 10 mg\/kg per day.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In people, zonisamide can cause problems when combined with:<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"zonisamide-dosage-for-dogs\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zonisamide dosage for dogs<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The standard veterinary zonisamide dosage for dogs is 5\u201310 mg\/kg, given by mouth every 12 hours. The higher dose is used when the drug is combined with phenobarbital.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zonisamide is not FDA-approved for use in dogs, but the veterinarian can prescribe veterinary formulations of zonisamide capsules. Unless specially prepared, the standard dosage strengths of both veterinary and human versions of zonisamide are 25, 50, and 100 mg per capsule.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">People can also use a brand-name oral suspension (liquid) of zonisamide if they can\u2019t take capsules. As a brand-name drug, it carries a premium price. If a liquid version is needed, the veterinarian can prescribe a generic oil-based liquid version of zonisamide prepared by a compounding pharmacy.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"can-dogs-overdose-on-zonisamide\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can dogs overdose on zonisamide?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dogs can overdose on zonisamide. A large enough overdose can be fatal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3164d438-90bf-420a-9a56-5498b987f91c\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In people<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, large overdoses can cause slow heartbeats, low blood pressure, and slow or shallow breathing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you see or believe a dog has overdosed on zonisamide, immediately call an animal poison control center or veterinarian. The dog may need to be treated in a veterinary hospital for several days.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"can-i-give-my-dog-zonisamide-every-day\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can I give my dog zonisamide every day?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zonisamide is a long-term treatment that requires daily doses to be taken for months or years. It will take about one or two weeks of constant dosing for the drug to reach steady concentrations within zonisamide\u2019s therapeutic range. Do not miss doses.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"how-to-give-your-dog-zonisamide\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How to give your dog zonisamide<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doses of zonisamide are given twice a day, twelve hours apart. Zonisamide helps prevent seizures, so do not miss doses. If necessary, get an app or set an alarm as a reminder.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Follow all the instructions given by the veterinarian.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not give more than prescribed or give zonisamide capsules more often than prescribed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not stop giving the dog zonisamide doses until you\u2019ve talked to the veterinarian. The vet will have to gradually decrease the dose so that the dog doesn\u2019t experience rebound seizures.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zonisamide capsules and liquid can be given to a dog with or without food. If the dog vomits or has other gastrointestinal issues after taking a dose, give future doses with food.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The dog should swallow the capsule whole. If you do not know how to give a capsule to a dog, have a veterinary professional show you the best procedure.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zonisamide liquid may need to be shaken before measuring a dose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Always use the calibrated oral syringe or dropper that comes with the liquid to measure accurate doses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Give a missed dose when remembered unless it\u2019s almost time for the next dose. In that case, don\u2019t give the missed dose. Give the next dose at its regular time. Do not give the dog two doses to compensate for a missed dose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The veterinarian will require follow-up visits and blood tests to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Please keep all appointments. Keep a seizure diary for the dog and share it with the vet at these visits.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Keep zonisamide capsules or liquid securely out of the reach of children and pets.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Store zonisamide capsules at room temperature in a dry place protected from light.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read and follow the storage instructions for zonisamide liquid.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"zonisamide-alternatives-for-dogs\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zonisamide alternatives for dogs<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veterinarians use zonisamide either as a first-choice drug for canine seizures or as an add-on treatment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If zonisamide alone doesn\u2019t control seizures, the veterinarian may choose to add another drug or switch to another first-line drug, such as phenobarbital, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">potassium bromide<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">levetiracetam<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For refractory seizures\u2014those that can\u2019t be controlled with monotherapy\u2014a veterinarian has a long list of possible drugs to choose from, including:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"summary\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Summary<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zonisamide treats dogs with seizure disorders. Veterinarians use it alone or in combination with other drugs. When given under the supervision of a veterinarian, zonisamide is safe as a long-term, daily treatment. Adverse effects are minimal and infrequent. Zonisamide can, on rare occasions, cause liver problems, so pet parents should watch for symptoms. 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The standard zonisamide dosage for dogs is 5 mg\/kg given by mouth twice daily or 10 mg\/kg twice daily when used with phenobarbital. The most common side effects of zonisamide in dogs are loss of coordination, lethargy, drowsiness, loss of appetite, and vomiting. Do not [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5399","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-health-news"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5399","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5399"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5399\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5676,"href":"https:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5399\/revisions\/5676"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5399"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5399"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/healthmedicinet.com\/review\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5399"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}