HMN 2026: How Teen substance use linked to peer pressure and well-being,

Researchers at The University of Manchester have identified a range of key risk and protective factors influencing whether young people vape, drink alcohol, smoke or use drugs. Based on data from more than 30,000 pupils aged 12–15, the study, published in the International Journal of Drug Policy, provides one of the most comprehensive pictures to date of adolescent substance use in England, highlighting the importance of social, emotional and environmental influences.

Findings

The study analyzed data from the #BeeWell program, covering more than 30,000 pupils across 100 schools and more than 1,500 neighborhoods. #BeeWell is a collaboration between The University of Manchester, The Gregson Family Foundation and Anna Freud who, together with the Greater Manchester Combined Authority (GMCA), launched the program in 2019.

It shows that teenage substance use is shaped by a combination of social, emotional and environmental factors. Young people who felt pressured by peers, experienced bullying or struggled with emotional difficulties were more likely to use substances.

In contrast, those with strong relationships with parents and teachers, a sense of belonging at school and positive perceptions of their academic performance were less likely to report substance use.

Substance use varies by age and type

The findings show that substance use increases with age, with older teenagers significantly more likely to report using alcohol or drugs.

Alcohol was the most commonly-reported substance, with about 1 in 6 young people reporting recent use. Vaping was less common but still notable, with about 1 in 15 reporting use.

Roles of friendships and peer relationships

The study highlights a complex role for peer relationships. While often seen as protective, close friendships were in some cases associated with higher substance use.

This may reflect increased exposure to social situations where substances are available, suggesting that peer influence can both increase and reduce risk depending on context.

Differences between groups

The researchers found important differences between groups of young people. Girls and LGBTQ+ young people were more likely to report substance use than boys.

Young people from disadvantaged backgrounds were also more likely to vape, smoke and use drugs, indicating that inequalities play a role in shaping these behaviors.

Different factors influence different substances

The study found that different substances are influenced by different factors.

Stress and emotional difficulties were strongly linked to vaping, smoking and alcohol use, suggesting these behaviors may act as coping mechanisms. In contrast, illicit drug use appeared to be more strongly shaped by relationships with adults and broader school experiences.

Impact of school environment

While a wide range of determinants were identified, the study found that differences between schools explained more variation in substance use than differences between neighborhoods.

This suggests that the school environment—particularly peer relationships, social norms and support systems—plays a crucial role in shaping young people’s behavior.

“We often assume that where young people live shapes their behavior most, but our findings show that a wide range of social and emotional factors are at play,” said lead researcher Dr. Emma Thornton. “Experiences like peer pressure, bullying and mental health difficulties can increase risk, while strong relationships and a sense of belonging can be protective.

“Schools are a key setting where many of these influences come together, which makes them an important place for prevention—but effective strategies need to recognize the different reasons why young people use different substances.”

The research team hopes their findings will inform national policy and support the development of more targeted, evidence-based approaches to preventing substance use among young people.

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