A lipophilic fluorescent LipidGreen1-based quantification method for high-throughput screening analysis of intracellular poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
Plasmids, bacteria and chemicals
The plasmid pPhaCAB consists of a pBluescript II SK+ backbone (Stratagene, USA) and
the PHB biosynthetic gene cluster encoding three genes for type I PHA synthase (phaC), ketothiolase (phaA), and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (phaB) from Cupriavidus necator H16 (Yang et al. 2010]). Escherichia coli XL1-Blue (Stratagene) was transformed with pPhaCAB for expression of the PHA biosynthesis
genes. LipidGreen1 was provided by Korea Chemical Bank (KRICT, South Korea; Additional
file 1: Fig. S1). LipidGreen1and Nile red stock solutions were prepared by dissolving the
dyes in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to a final concentration of 1 mg/mL. PHB powder was
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Ten milligrams PHB powder was suspended in 1Â mL
water using ultrasonic homogenizer (Sonics and Materials, USA) for 1Â min on 20% amplitude.
Culture conditions
Recombinant E. coli XL1-Blue transformed with phaCAB, PHB-producing cell, was grown at 37°C in Luria–Bertani
(LB) medium containing 10Â g/L tryptone, 5Â g/L yeast extract, 5Â g/L NaCl, and 50Â ?g/mL
ampicillin. After 20Â h cultivation in 2Â mL of LB broth, the PHB-producing cells were
inoculated into LB medium supplemented with 20Â g/L glucose and cultured on an incubator
at 37°C for 20 h with shaking (200 rpm). For cell viability analysis, the PHB-producing
cells were cultivated in 100Â mL LB medium with 20Â g/L glucose and LipidGreen1 (0,
0.8, and 2 µg/mL). The cultures were collected every 2 or 3 h and then optical densities
at 600Â nm were measured (Shimadzu, Japan).
Observation of bacterial PHB on an agar plate
The PHB-producing cells were spread on the agar plate containing LipidGreen1 at a
final concentration of 25 µg/mL and cultured for 20 h at 37°C. Accumulation of intracellular
PHB was viewed under ultraviolet light (302Â nm). E. coli XL1-Blue, which contains only the pBluescript II SK+ vector (Agilent Technologies,
USA), was prepared as a negative control. Subsequently, the PHB-producing and PHB-non-producing
cells were scraped from the surface of the agar plates and suspended in 100 µL of
phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2, 20Â mM). Ten microliters of the suspensions
were placed on slide glass and used for microscopic observation by fluorescence microscope
(Nikon, Japan) with a green fluorescence filter (Green Excitation 460–500 nm, Emission
510–560 mm).
Measurement of the fluorescence intensity
The PHB-producing cells were cultivated in 500Â mL LB medium containing 20Â g/L glucose.
The cells were harvested by centrifugation (3,200×g, 4°C for 10 min) and resuspended in PBS to yield an optical density at 600 nm of
2.0. LipidGreen1 was added to the 1Â mL cell suspensions, followed by further incubation
for 0.5 and 2 h in the dark. The final concentration of LipidGreen1 at 2 µg/mL was
used in further experiment. One hundred microliters of the suspensions were immediately
transferred into a 96 well black microplate, and the fluorescence intensity was measured
within 10Â min with a micro-fluorospectrometer (TECAN, Switzerland) at an excitation
wavelength of 450Â nm and emission wavelength of 510Â nm. To verify the relation between
the PHB accumulation contents and fluorescence intensity, 30Â mL of the culture solutions
were collected at 2 h intervals during cell growth and stored at ?70°C deep freezer
for fluorescence and GC analysis. In addition, the aqueous PHB suspension was serially
diluted in water and then incubated with LipidGreen1 for 30Â min in black microtubes
followed by measurement of fluorescence intensities. Furthermore, Nile red was added
to the 1 mL cell suspensions to give a final concentration of 2 µg/mL, and then fluorescence
intensities were measured at 540 and 570Â nm for the excitation and emission wavelengths,
respectively.
Comparison of fluorescence intensity between intact and lysed cells
The PHB-producing cells grown in the 50Â mL medium were collected by centrifugation
(4°C at 3,200×g for 10 min) to an optical density at 600 of 4.0. Half of the cell suspension in PBS
buffer was disrupted with the ultrasonic homogenizer, while the remaining suspension
was left on ice as intact cells. One milliliter each of disrupted and intact cell
suspension was moved into a black microtube followed by the addition of LipidGreen1.
The mixtures were incubated for 0.5 and 2Â h and immediately transferred into a black
96-well microplate to measure the fluorescence intensity.
PHB quantification by gas chromatography (GC)
The PHB polymer content was determined by GC analysis as previously described (Yang
et al. 2010]). Briefly, PHB-producing cells were washed twice with PBS buffer and dried at 65°C
in an oven with a final dry pellet weight of 0.03Â g. The dry matter was subjected
to methanolysis in the presence of 1Â mL PHA solution containing 0.8% (wt/vol) Benzoic
acid, 3% (vol/vol) sulfuric acid, 97% (vol/vol) methanol and 2Â mL of chloroform. Following
6 h of incubation at 100°C, the polymer solutions dissolved in chloroform were precipitated
and separated with chilled deionized water. The PHB contents were analyzed by GC (6890N
GC system, Agilent Technologies) equipped with a fused silica capillary column (SPBTM-5,
30 m × 0.32 mm ID, 0.25 µm film; Supelco, USA) using benzoic acid as an internal standard.
Construction and screening of a phaC mutant library
Random mutagenesis was performed by error-prone PCR with GeneMorph II Random mutagenesis
kit (Stratagene) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, to introduce
random mutations into the phaC gene, forward and reverse primers (ReCMutF; 5?-GATCCCCCGGGCAAGTACC-3, ReCMutR; 5?-GGGAACCTGCAGGCCTGC-3?)
were designed based on the nucleotide sequences outside of the structural gene. Each
PCR contained 30Â ng of the pPhaCAB plasmid as the initial template, 250Â ng of each
primer, 200Â ?M of each dNTP, and 5 U of Taq DNA polymerase in Taq DNA polymerase reaction
buffer. The PCR started with a denaturation step at 95°C for 30 s, followed by 25
cycles of amplification (30 s at 95°C, 30 s at 55°C, and 3 min at 72°C), and a final
extension step at 72°C for 10 min. The PCR products purified with the QIAquick PCR
Purification Kit (Qiagen, USA) were digested with SmaI and SbfI and subjected to preparative
electrophoresis in a 0.8% agarose gel. The approximately 1.8-kb PCR fragments were
ligated into the same restriction sites of the pPhaCAB vector, and then the ligates
were transformed into E. coli XL1-Blue. Each mutant clone was grown in a deep-well microplate containing 800 µL
of the LB medium containing 20 g/L glucose for 20 h, of which 100 µL were transferred
to a black microplate to measure its fluorescence intensity by adding LipidGreen1.
Determination of the cellular PHB content by GC was done with selected clones that
showed relatively higher or lower fluorescence intensities than that of the wild type.