Insecticide resistance in phlebotomine sandflies in Southeast Asia with emphasis on the Indian subcontinent

Geographical area

Sandfly species

Insecticide

Result

Reference

A. Bangladesh

P. argentipes

DDT

Susceptible

Choudhury (2000) [41]

B. India

?Muzaffarpur District (Bihar)

P. argentipes

DDT

Susceptible

Kaul et al. (1978) [16]

dieldrin

?Muzaffarpur and Samastipur districts (Bihar)

P. papatasi

DDT

Resistant

dieldrin

Susceptible (in both districts)

?Muzaffarpur District (Bihar)

P. papatasi

DDT

Resistant

Joshi et al. (1979) [3]

?West Bengal

P. argentipes

DDT

Susceptible

Sen (1959) [15]

?Muzaffarpur District (Bihar)

P. papatasi

DDT

Resistant

Dhanda et al. (1983) [18]

?Samastipur District (Bihar)

P. argentipes

DDT

Tolerant

Mukhopadhyay et al. (1990) [4]

?Begusarai and Muzaffarpur districts (Bihar)

P. papatasi

DDT

Resistant in both districts

Das et al. (1995) [19]

?Ghaziabad District (Uttar Pradesh) and Midnapur District (West Bengal)

P. papatasi

DDT

Resistant

Dhiman and Mittal (2000) [20]

dieldrin

Resistant

malathion

Resistant

deltamethrin

Suceptible (Populations of both districts)

?Panchmahal District (Gujarat)

P. papatasi

DDT and dieldrin

Susceptible

Thapar et al. (1993) [21]

?Bikaner District (Rajasthan)

P. papatasi

DDT, dieldrin and propoxur

Resistant

Bansal and Singh (1996) [22]

malathion, fenitrothion and permethrin

Susceptible

?Pali and Barmer districts (Rajasthan)

P. papatasi

DDT

Resistant

Singh and Bansal (1996) [23]

dieldrin, malathion, fenitrothion and propoxur

Susceptible

?Vaishali District

P. argentipes

DDT

Resistant (15.4 % mortality)

Kaul et al. (1993) [25]

?Patna District (Bihar)

P. papatasi

Resistant (2.9 % mortality)

P. argentipes

Susceptible (100 % mortality)

?Varanasi District (Uttar Pradesh)

P. argentipes

DDT

Susceptible

Joshi and Rai (1994) [28]

P. papatasi

Susceptible

?West Bengal

P. argentipes

DDT

Susceptible

Mukhopadhyay et al. (1996) [29]

P. papatasi

Resistant

?Sahibganj District (Bihar)

P. argentipes

DDT

Resistant

NMEP (1991) [30]

dieldrin

Susceptible

?24 Parganas District (West Bengal)

P. argentipes

DDT

Resistant

Basak and Tandon (1995) [31]

?Hoogly District (West Bengal)

P. argentipes

DDT

Susceptible

Chandra et al. (1995) [32]

?Maldah District (West Bengal)

P. argentipes

DDT

Resistant (40–61.5%mortality)

Kumar et al. (2015) [33]

?Pondicherry

P. argentipes

DDT

Tolerant

Amalraj et al. (1999) [34]

BHC

Tolerant

malathion

Resistant

deltamethrin

Resistant

permethrin

Resistant

bendiocarb

Susceptible

P. papatasi

DDT

Tolerant

BHC

Susceptible

malathion

Tolerant

deltamethrin

Tolerant

permethrin

Resistant

bendiocarb

Susceptible

?Vaishali

P. argentipes

DDT

Resistant (71–78 % mortality) to almost susceptible (97.57 % mortality)

Singh et al. (2001) [35]

?Darbhanga

Susceptible (98.24 % mortality) to tolerant (96.28 % mortality)

?Patna and Samastipur districts (Bihar)

Susceptible (100 % mortality)

?Nainital and Almora districts (Uttarakhand)

P. argentipes

DDT

Susceptible

Rao et al. (2001) [40]

?Vaishali District

P. argentipes

DDT

Resistant

Dhiman et al. (2003) [36]

deltamethrin

Susceptible

?Patna District (Bihar)

DDT

Susceptible

malathion

Susceptible

?Muzaffarpur, Vaishali and Patna districts combined (Bihar)

P. argentipes

DDT

Resistant (43 % mortality)

Dinesh et al. (2010) [37]

deltamethrin

Susceptible (95–100 % mortality)

?Gadchiroli District (Maharashtra), Ramgarh District (Jharkhand), Katihar and Vaishali districts (Bihar)

P. argentipes

DDT

Resistant

Singh et al. (2012) [39]

malathion

Susceptible

deltamethrin

Susceptible

?Patna District (Bihar)

DDT

Verification required (89 % mortality)

malathion and deltamethrin

Susceptible

?Patna

P. argentipes

DDT

Resistant, tolerant and susceptible

Singh and Kumar (2015) [38]

?Vaishali

Resistant, tolerant

?Muzaffarpur

Resistant, tolerant and susceptible

?Samastipur, Sheohar and Sitamarhi districts (Bihar)

Resistant

Susceptible

Resistant

C. Nepal

?Dhansua District

P. argentipes

DDT

Susceptible to both insecticides

Anonymous (2000) [43]

P. papatasi

malathion

?Dhansua District

P.argentipes

malathion, bendiocarb, deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin

Susceptible to all insecticides

Environmental Health Project (2001) [42]

?Sunsari and Morang districts

P. argentipes

DDT

Resistant (62%mortality) in bordering area with India, otherwise susceptible in other areas

Dinesh et al. (2010) [37]

deltamethrin

Susceptible (96–99 % mortality)

D. Sri Lanka

?Delft islands

P. argentipes

malathion

Biochemical evidence of resistance

Surendran et al. (2005) [44]