The significance of Lactobacillus crispatus and L. vaginalis for vaginal health and the negative effect of recent sex: a cross-sectional descriptive study across groups of African women

1 Department of Public Health, Unit of Epidemiology and Control of HIV/STD, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, B-2000, Belgium

2 Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

3 Laboratory Bacteriology Research, University Gent, Ghent, Belgium

4 International Center for Reproductive Health (ICRH), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

6 Wits Reproductive Health HIV Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

7 ICRH Kenya, Mombasa, Kenya

8 Rinda Ubuzima, Kigali, Rwanda

9 Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium

10 Department of Clinical Sciences, HIV/STI Reference Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium