Childhood bullying may lead to long-lasting health consequences, impacting psychosocial risk factors for cardiovascular health well into adulthood, according to a new study.
Published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, the study tracked a group of more than 300 American men from first grade through their early 30s. The study’s findings show that being a victim of bullying and being a bully were both linked to negative outcomes in adulthood.
Led by psychology researcher Karen A. Matthews of the University of Pittsburgh, the study found that men who were bullies during childhood were more likely to smoke cigarettes and use marijuana, to experience stressful circumstances, and to be aggressive and hostile more than 20 years later.
Men who were bullied as children, on the other hand, tended to have more financial difficulties, felt more unfairly treated by others, and were less optimistic about their future two decades later.
The outcomes are especially critical because they put the men at higher risk for poor health, including serious cardiovascular issues, later in life, according to the researchers.
“The long-term effects of bullying involvement are important to establish,” Matthews said. “Most research on bullying is based on addressing mental health outcomes, but we wished to examine the potential impact of involvement in bullying on physical health and psychosocial risk factors for poor physical health.”
Previous research has linked psychosocial risk factors like stress, anger, and hostility to increased risks of health problems, such as heart attacks, stroke, and high blood pressure. Because bullying leads to stressful interpersonal interactions for both the perpetrators and targets, the researchers hypothesized that both bullies and bullying victims might be at higher risk of negative health outcomes related to stress.
For the study, the researchers recruited participants from the Pittsburgh Youth Study, a longitudinal study of 500 boys enrolled in Pittsburgh public schools in 1987 and 1988, when the boys were in the first grade. More than half of the boys in the original study were Black and nearly 60 percent of the boys’ families received public financial assistance, such as food stamps.
Along with regular assessments on psychosocial, behavioral, and biological risk factors for poor health, researchers collected data from children, parents, and teachers on bullying behavior when the boys were 10 to 12 years old.
For the new study, Matthews and her research team successfully recruited more than 300 of the original study participants, who completed questionnaires on psychosocial health factors, such as stress levels, health history, diet and exercise, and socioeconomic status. Around 260 of the men came into the lab for blood draws, cardiovascular and inflammation assessments, and height and weight measurements.
Unexpectedly, neither bullying nor being bullied in childhood was related to inflammation or metabolic syndrome in adulthood, according to the researchers.
However, both childhood bullies and bullying victims had increased psychosocial risk factors for poor physical health, the study found.
The boys who engaged in more bullying in childhood tended to be more aggressive and were more likely to smoke in adulthood, risk factors for cardiovascular disease and other life-threatening diseases.
The boys with higher scores for being bullied tended to have lower incomes, more financial difficulties, and more stressful life experiences. They also perceived more unfair treatment relative to their peers. These outcomes are also related to risk for cardiovascular disease, the researchers noted.
“The childhood bullies were still aggressive as adults and victims of bullies were still feeling like they were treated unfairly as adults,” Matthews said. “Both groups had a lot of stress in their adult lives — so the impact of childhood bullying lasts a long time.”
The researchers speculate that both bullies and their victims may be at greater risk for poor physical health, including cardiovascular-disease events, over the long term. But they cautioned that many of the boys in the original study could not participate in the follow-up study because they were either deceased or incarcerated, which may have affected the results in unknown ways.
According to the researchers, their findings suggest that identifying children who are at risk for involvement in bullying and intervening early on may yield long-term psychosocial and physical health benefits that last into adulthood.
Source: Association for Psychological Science