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Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear (ACL):
This type of tear involves a valgus stress to the knee (Figure 2). Usually the patient will have swelling and a hematoma. A hemorrhage in the knee will indicate an ACL tear in 80% of patients. An ACL tear may have an associated meniscal tear. The Lachman’s Test will be positive with this type of tear. An MRI is used to diagnose this type of injury. Tears of the ACL are more common in females. Multiple factors including landing mechanics, neurovascular, genetic, and anatomic differences between males and females contribute to this.